A splash of acid. A burst of dust. A spray of chemicals that was not expected. In workplaces where hazardous substances are handled, eye injuries can happen in a split second. The difference between minor irritation and permanent damage often comes down to how quickly the eyes get flushed with clean water. Seconds matter when something harmful gets into someone’s eyes.
This is why eye wash stations are found in factories, laboratories, workshops, and anywhere else workers might be exposed to substances that could harm their eyes. These units provide immediate access to flushing water right where it is needed. When an accident happens, there is no time to run to a distant bathroom or search for a bottle of water. The washing needs to start right away.
How They Work
An eye wash station delivers a controlled flow of water to both eyes at once. The user leans over the unit and activates it, usually by pushing a lever or stepping on a pedal. Water streams up from two nozzles positioned to direct the flow into both eyes simultaneously. The hands stay free to hold the eyelids open, which is important when trying to flush out something that is causing pain.
The water pressure is set to be gentle enough not to cause additional injury but strong enough to wash away contaminants. Too much pressure could damage delicate eye tissue. Too little would not remove the harmful substance effectively. Properly designed units get this balance right.
Most standards require the water to flow for at least fifteen minutes. This might seem like a long time, but many chemicals need extended flushing to be fully removed. Acids and alkalis can continue to cause damage even after initial contact, so thorough washing is necessary. The station needs to deliver enough water at a consistent rate for this entire period.
Types of Units
Plumbed units connect to the building’s water supply. They provide unlimited water and are the most reliable option for permanent installations. The water comes fresh from the pipes, which means it does not sit stagnant or grow bacteria. These units work well in facilities where water lines are available and where the station will stay in one location.
Self-contained units have their own water tanks. They can be placed anywhere, even in locations without plumbing. This makes them useful for remote work sites, temporary setups, or areas where running water lines would be difficult or expensive. The downside is that the water in the tank needs regular checking and changing to prevent contamination.
Portable bottles offer a basic option for locations where full stations are not practical. These squeeze bottles contain sterile saline solution and can be carried to wherever an injury occurs. They provide immediate first aid but hold limited fluid. They work as a first response while the injured person is moved to a full station or medical care.
Combination units include both eye wash and emergency shower functions. These are common in chemical plants and laboratories where full body exposure is possible. A worker who gets splashed with a hazardous substance can wash their eyes and rinse their whole body at the same location.
Where They Should Be Placed
Location matters as much as having the equipment at all. An injured worker needs to reach the station within ten seconds of exposure. That is the standard most safety regulations use. Walking slowly with eyes closed or in pain, ten seconds does not cover much distance. This means stations need to be close to where hazards exist.
The path to the station must be clear of obstacles. Someone who just got chemicals in their eyes will not be able to see well. They might be stumbling or panicking. Boxes, equipment, or other items blocking the way could cause a fall and delay treatment. Keeping the area around the station clear is part of proper safety management.
The station should be at the same level as the hazard area. Having to climb stairs or travel between floors wastes precious time. If hazardous work happens on multiple levels, each level needs its own station. The goal is immediate access, not a workout to reach safety equipment.
Clear signage helps workers find the station quickly. Green signs with a white symbol showing a face being washed are the international standard. These signs should be visible from all angles and well lit. In an emergency, there should be no confusion about where to go.
Maintenance Requirements
A station that does not work when needed is worse than useless. It creates a false sense of security. Workers assume help is available, but when they need it, nothing happens. Regular testing and maintenance prevent this dangerous situation.
Plumbed units should be activated weekly. This keeps the water in the pipes fresh and verifies that the unit functions correctly. Stagnant water can develop bacteria, including legionella, which could cause additional harm if flushed into injured eyes. Running the water regularly prevents this buildup.
Self-contained units need more attention. The water in the tank should be changed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, typically every few months or more often in hot conditions. Some units use preservatives in the water to extend its useful life. Checking the fluid level is important too, since evaporation or small leaks could leave the tank short of the needed amount.
Nozzles and bowls should be inspected for damage, dirt, or blockages. Dust caps that cover the nozzles when not in use help keep debris out. These caps should be the type that fall away automatically when the unit is activated, so they do not need to be removed manually by someone in distress.
Documentation of inspections and maintenance creates a record that the equipment is being looked after. This record can be important during audits or after an incident. It shows that the workplace took reasonable steps to keep safety equipment ready for use.
Training Workers
Having the equipment is only part of the solution. Workers need to know where it is, how to use it, and when to use it. This training should happen during orientation for new employees and be refreshed periodically for everyone.
Knowing the location of the nearest station should be automatic. Workers in hazardous areas should be able to find it with their eyes closed, because that might be exactly their situation during an emergency. Walking the route during training helps build this familiarity.
Practice using the equipment reduces hesitation during real emergencies. Letting workers activate the station during training shows them how it feels and sounds. They learn how to position themselves and how to hold their eyes open under the water stream. This practice removes uncertainty and speeds up response when it matters.
The fifteen-minute flushing time catches many people by surprise. It feels like a long time to stand there with water running into your eyes. Workers need to understand why this duration is necessary and that they should not stop early, even if the pain reduces. Someone should stay with the injured person to encourage them to continue and to call for medical assistance.
Legal Requirements
South African occupational health and safety regulations require employers to provide appropriate first aid equipment for the hazards present in their workplace. Where eye injuries are a risk, this includes equipment for flushing eyes. The Occupational Health and Safety Act places responsibility on employers to protect workers from foreseeable harm.
International standards like ANSI Z358.1 provide detailed specifications for emergency washing equipment. Many South African workplaces follow these standards as best practice, even when local regulations are less specific. Meeting these standards shows that a business is serious about worker safety.
Failing to provide adequate safety equipment can result in penalties from the Department of Employment and Labour. More seriously, if a worker is injured and proper equipment was not available, the employer may face compensation claims and legal action. The cost of installing and maintaining stations is small compared to these potential consequences.
The Human Side
Statistics and regulations can make safety equipment seem like just another compliance box to tick. But behind every eye injury is a real person who might lose their sight. A worker who goes home able to see their family, read a book, or watch their children grow up is the real point of all this equipment and training.
Eye injuries are among the most feared workplace accidents. People depend on their vision for almost everything they do. Losing it changes a life completely. Yet these injuries are largely preventable with proper protective equipment, safe work practices, and immediate response when something goes wrong.
Employers who invest in proper safety equipment send a message to their workers. They show that they value the people who work for them. This builds trust and loyalty. Workers who feel protected are more engaged and more careful in their own work. Safety becomes part of the workplace culture rather than just a set of rules.
Every workplace that handles chemicals, dust, or other eye hazards needs proper flushing equipment. The investment is modest. The maintenance is straightforward. The training takes a few hours. But when an accident happens and a worker finds the station, activates it, and saves their eyesight, that small investment proves itself worth far more than it cost.
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