The Fossil Hunters of the Sterkfontein Caves

• We spent some time with fossil technicians at the Sterkfontein Caves near Johannesburg.
• The caves are located within the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site and have yielded some of the world’s most important fossil discoveries.
• The work by the fossil technicians has not been adequately recognised. But scientists at the Sterkfontein Caves are now working to change this.

Itumeleng Molefe remembers the day his neighbours came rushing into his family’s Rustenburg home, saying his father was famous because they had just seen him on TV. “People were screaming, yelling and celebrating. It was very cool to experience,” said Molefe.

Itumeleng’s father, Nkwane Molefe, and his colleague Stephen Motsumi had just made one of the greatest fossil discoveries. The pair, both fossil technicians at the Sterkfontein Cave system, worked under the guidance of paleoanthropologist Ronald Clarke who had unearthed the remains of a skeleton famously known as “Little Foot”. It was the world’s most complete Australopithecus fossil ever found and estimated to be nearly four-million years old.

The Sterkfontein Caves are located within the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site where some of the world’s most important fossil discoveries have been made.

Today Itumeleng carries on the work of his now retired father. He too works as a fossil technician in the Sterkfontein Cave system, searching daily for bones that can help unlock the mysteries of our past.

“The work that we do is very important,” says Itumeleng. “It helps with our understanding and knowledge of the world we live in. The best part of my job is that we are constantly learning and discovering new things. You have to have passion for this job to do it well because it’s not easy.”

Fossil technicians play a vital role in the caves. They do the day-to-day tasks of extracting rocks. They spend thousands of hours painstakingly separating the fossil from the rock so as not to damage the fossil. They also make cast models of their fossil finds and catalogue them so that everything is properly labelled and organised.

Many of the fossil technicians, like those working at the Sterkfontein Cave system, have been doing this job for decades and have amassed an abundance of knowledge of the caves and the fossils buried there.

Dr Job Kibii, head of the Sterkfontein Caves, says that the knowledge and experience of fossil technicians are an invaluable resource for researchers. “These guys might not have degrees, but they actually know everything. In fact, a number of them have actually taught the professors and researchers who come to the site.”

“They show them how to distinguish between different fossils, which are from a [non-homind] animals, and which are from hominids. And then the professors eventually would go ahead and do the description. But initially they learned from these guys that this is what you should be looking for,” says Kibii.

A legacy of colonialism and the skewed power dynamics that defined race and social class has meant that over the years, the work by the fossil technicians has not been adequately recognised by the scientific community and the public. The invaluable contributions of fossil technicians, often black and with no formal higher education, have been relegated to the footnotes of the history pages that document their findings.

Andrew Phaswana and his team create moulds and casts from the original fossils so that the casts can be used for scientific study while the originals are stored away for safe keeping.

Dr Kibii acknowledges that how things were done in the past by the scientific community has been a disservice to fossil technicians.

He is now actively working to change this by educating scientists who hold research permits at the site on the importance of the work fossil technician’s do.

“I want them to be included in the actual publications, in the actual descriptions of those specimens. So that they can be recognised with the academic contribution,” he says. And then emphasising: “Because it is an academic contribution.”

Another fossil technician Sipho Makhele adds: “We are not asking for much. We are just asking to be acknowledged for the work that we do.”

Makhele, like many of the fossil technicians, has deep family ties to the site. He is the third generation in his family to work at the caves. “Now my young daughter is also interested and has begun her university studies in anthropology,” Makhele says proudly.

“So, we will keep digging and digging, there’s still plenty to find down there.”

Inside the Sterkfontein Caves which are located within the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site near Johannesburg and have yielded some of the most important fossil discoveries.

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