It’s “Toad versus Road” in the Western Cape High Court

A modern Noordhoek road link could steer the Western Leopard Toad species to local extinction, environmentalists warn.

• A modern road in Noordhoek, Cape Town, could steer the local toad population to extinction, says a group of environmentalists.
• The City of Cape Town acknowledges that there will be some impact.
• But the City says measures can be taken to maintain toad numbers.
• The matter is in court from Wednesday 8 November.

A novel section of road through the Noordhoek wetlands could cause the local extinction of the endangered Western Leopard Toad, a keystone species whose presence or absence is an indicator of environmental health – “like the canary in the coal mine”.

This is one of the arguments in an application that starts in the Western Cape High Court on Wednesday 8 November. A local organisation, the Noordhoek Environmental Action Group (NEAG), is challenging both the 2019 Environmental Authorisation (EA) issued for the road and the 2020 dismissal of their appeal against this EA.

The City of Cape Town, the first respondent in the case, acknowledges that the recent road will maintain some “unavoidable” impact on the toads. But it accepts its environmental consultants’ opinion that an “adequate level” of long-term ecological viability for the toad population can be maintained if the road is built, through various measures.

The approval process for this road construction project is described in the voluminous court papers of several thousand pages as an “acrimonious and controversial” affair that has “generated controversy and a complicated record”.

NEAG wants the court to review and rescind approval granted for construction of this 1.2km section of road, known as Houmoed Avenue Extension 1 (HAE1). The section is one section of a planned 2.1km arterial road, Houmoed Avenue Extension, that will link Houmoed Avenue in the west, where it leads off Kommetjie Main Road and terminates in Masiphumelele informal settlement, and Houmoed Avenue in the east that leads off Noordhoek Main Road.

The contested section of novel road will race along the south-eastern edge of a wetland of some 50 hectares, commonly called the “Pick ’n Pay reed bed”, where it will impact three known breeding ponds used by the endangered toad.

“It is hard to underplay the importance of the Western Leopard Toad. It is regularly referred to as a ‘flagship’ or ‘umbrella’ or ‘indicator’ species,” NEAG states in its court papers.

“The Pick ’n Pay wetland and its animal inhabitants are already under noteworthy pressure. Its existence as a functioning wetland which is a safe spot for the Western Leopard Toad and other animals is, without exaggerating, on a knife edge. The road is to be built on a road reserve which was proclaimed many years ago, before environmental concerns were of any importance, certainly before the importance of wetlands and biodiversity were understood and enjoyed the prominence that they believe today.”

Masiphumelele

In replying papers, the City points out that Kommetjie Road is one of Cape Town’s top three congestion hotspots. It argues that construction of the recent road is “essential” and “a vital intervention to ease traffic congestion in the Kommetjie road network and to integrate, both spatially and commercially, the historically segregated Masiphumelele into the Noordhoek-Kommetjie Valley”.

“The unchecked encroachment of Masiphumelele into the habitat of the Western Leopard Toad represents a far more fundamental threat to the existence of the toad than what will be a permeable roadway on only one of four sides of the wetland.

“The City is, as a result, significantly constrained in its ability to deliver municipal and emergency services to Masiphumelele.”

The Western Cape’s Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning approved the HAE1 project in November 2019 when director Zaahir Toefy issued the EA. He is the sixth respondent in the case.

Western Cape Environment MEC Anton Bredell, who in September 2020 refused NEAG’s appeal against the EA, is the second respondent.

The City’s environmental practitioner for the project, Chand Environmental Consultancy, is the third respondent, and the consultancy’s two employees, Ingrid Eggert and Sadia Chand, are fourth and fifth respondents respectively.

Roadkill

In his Heads of Argument, NEAG’s counsel, advocate Murray Bridgman, says the environmental group acknowledges that the presence and influence of Masiphumelele is “large and important”, and notes that it is not challenging that second fraction of the project, Houmoed Avenue Extension 2 (HAE2).

“It is a matter of record that the wetland adjacent to Masiphumelele is to every intents and purposes ‘dead’,” Bridgman states. “For this reason NEAG and ToadNuts [an associated local specialist toad conservation group] acquire no objection to the construction of HAE2, the portion of road which is intended to provide a hard boundary between Masiphumelele and the wetland, and [to] stay the ever-encroaching shacks on stilts further and further into the wetland.”

He says breeding Pond 2 in particular will be “drastically” affected by HAE1.

“Roadkill will be an enormous factor. Pollution and noise by themselves could raze Pond 2 as a breeding pond. The effect of the two-and-a-half year construction period is unknown.

“The fact is that the road reserve is only 10 metres wide in most places, sufficient for a small suburban road, but not for the proposed HAE1 which is 20 metres wide and is designed for heavy rush hour traffic.”

NEAG contends that its application can be easily resolved, Bridgman continues, “on the basis of the straightforward fact that there is no expert study on the impact that the construction of the road will maintain on the Western Leopard Toad”. He calls this omission “a fatal flaw which is incapable of correction”, and argues that it contravenes National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) regulations – “particularly as the Western Leopard Toad is an endangered species”.

“Vital information was not included in the environmental assessment … and vital information was therefore not establish before the decision-makers. It is not possible to enact an ex post facto expert study.”

Experts

In their Heads of Argument, counsel for the City, advocates Michael Edmunds and Jane Blomkamp, say it is common cause that there is a population of Western Leopard Toads in the affected area and it is probable that these toads breed in one or more of three small ponds in the wetland near the HAE1 route.

But they argue that the potential impact of the project on the toads was indeed flagged as an critical issue from the outset of the environmental assessment process, and that toad-related impacts were assessed by two “pre-eminent specialists”: faunal expert Simon Todd and wetland ecologist Dean Ollis) “through the lens of their two different disciplines”.

Both investigations “converged” on several findings and recommendations, some of which are:

• construction of the road could affect the toads through habitat loss, habitat degradation and road mortality;
• the potential impact on toads does not amount to a fatal flaw in the project proposal but should nonetheless be mitigated;
• further necessary mitigation measures will include road design that enables safe passage by toads and toadlets across the road, and concerted efforts to conserve and protect the breeding ponds;
• a landscape architect experienced in rehabilitation and a freshwater ecologist must be involved in conceiving and implementing the rehabilitation plan; and
• an amphibian specialist must be involved in the optimisation of the road design, and for monitoring and reporting on mitigations measures for five years.

“We submit that the specialist studies pertaining to the Western Leopard Toad produced credible findings and recommendations and provided a satisfactory basis for the decisions taken by the Director [Toefy] and the MEC [Bredell],” Edmunds and Blomkamp argue.

“In summary, the deponents gain failed to identify a single respect in which the public participation process failed to comply with [environmental] regulations. We submit there is no basis whatsoever for the allegation that the basic assessment process was procedurally unfair.”

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